Cardiovascular risk factors and their relationship with subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing renal replacement therapy

Abstract

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and is closely associated with cardiovascular complications. Subclinical atherosclerosis, defined as the presence of atheromatous plaques without clinical manifestations, is common in this population. Early detection using noninvasive methods is essential to improve risk stratification and guide preventive interventions.

Objective: To analyze the relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with CKD undergoing renal replacement therapy treated at the National Hospital of Itauguá, Paraguay, in 2023.

Methodology: An observational, analytical, cross-sectional study was conducted. The population consisted of patients with CKD on renal replacement therapy who attended the hospital during the study period. The presence of atherosclerotic plaques in the carotid and femoral arteries was assessed using Doppler ultrasound, and associations with cardiovascular risk factors were analyzed.

Results: The frequency of subclinical atherosclerosis was 43.62%, with greater involvement in the femoral artery. A statistically significant association was found with dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and overweight. Although highly prevalent, hypertension showed no significant relationship with the presence of plaques.

Conclusion: Subclinical atherosclerosis affects a considerable proportion of patients with CKD undergoing renal replacement therapy. These findings reinforce the need for early detection strategies and a comprehensive approach to cardiovascular risk factors in this vulnerable population.